Abstract
In many respects Free Software is an interesting phenomenon. If we want to know what Free Software may mean for society we need to look at Free Software as implementing a distinctive, new mode of production. The talk describes the mode of production of Free Software and why it is desirable as a fundament of society. The talk then explains how change comes about generally and where Free Software stands today. It closes with an outlook into an Utopian future where the principles of the production of Free Software have taken over.
Free Software, Free Society: Yes We Can! Yes We Will!
Author: | Stefan Merten |
---|---|
Date: | 2008-12-10, Thiruvananthapuram |
Organization: | Project Oekonux |
Organization: | www.oekonux.org |
The Oekonux Project
A virtual project
Oekonux == Oekonomie + linux (German)
- I.e.: Economy + Linux
German roots but meanwhile international
Discussion process about Free Software and society
- Founded in 1999
- Wide range of opinions and fields
- Common interest in emancipation
Virtual project
- Mailing lists
- Web sites
- Wiki
4th Oekonux Conference
- 2009-03-27..29, Manchester (UK)
- Together with P2P Foundation
Feel free to join!
Yes, we can: Free Software as a mode of production
What is a mode of production?
- Common perspective: Free Software as a technology
- Common feeling: But something is different beyond technology
- In this talk: Free Software as a fundamental societal phenomenon
- Mode of production describes how a society reproduces itself
- Important features
- Products produced and means of production used
- Societal embedding of production
- Productivity
Mode of production is the fundament of a society
That is why we need to look at when we think about a fundamental change in society
Examples for modes of production
To give you an idea of what mode of production means
- Feudalism
- Agricultural production, peasants and artisans
- Personal relations in communities
- Aristocracy
- Low productivity
- Capitalism
- Industrial production, workers
- Exchange based relationships (aka money)
- Democracy
- High productivity
Mode of production shapes a society
Free Software as a new mode of production
What is special about Free Software then?
Capitalism | Free Software | |
---|---|---|
Flow of goods | Property and abstract exchange | Free flow of goods |
Governance | Command and control | Volunteers and maintainers |
Reason to contribute | Alienated (earning money) | Enjoying task and project |
Societal vs. individual utility | Separated into different spheres | Directly intertwined |
Yes, we can!
—Barack Obama
What is Selbstentfaltung?
- Enjoying task and project == Selbstentfaltung
- Opposite: alienation
- Two basic characteristics
- Having fun individually
- While maintaining a relationship to society
- Important expression: Volunteering for useful tasks
- Selbstentfaltung aims at absolute quality
- If it is "your baby" you want to be proud of it
- No boss stops you from doing so
- Impossible if you need to make profit
Selbstentfaltung based quality makes Free Software successful
Other examples of this mode of production
- Wikipedia
- Similar to Free Software in many respects
- Openness, volunteers, transnational, ...
- OpenAccess
- I.e.: Free Science
- Grass root movement from the scientists
- More
- Free Car projects
- Free Music
- ...
- General term: peer production
Peer production is generalizable beyond Free Software
Change we can believe in: Free Software as a germ form
So far: Potential by a new mode of production
Now: How it is going to happen
What is a germ form?
- Germ form theory describes how development happens
- Originated in critical psychology (Holzkamp)
- Explains how the human psyche came into being
- Applicable to other fields
- Key characteristics of a germ form
- Structurally new
- Emerging from and existing in the old
- Potential to take over
Germ form theory explains how fundamental change takes place
The five step model
Emerging of the new
- First appearances of the germ form
- Think: Free Software in 1984
Crisis of the old
- Slump of the old forms
- Think: Crisis of classical Unices on midrange servers
Disseminating and expanding
- Germ form becomes important in the old process
- Think: Free Software today
- Key question: Does the germ form keep its germ form features?
Achieving dominance
- Think: Proprietary software replaced by Free Software
Restructuring of entire system
- Restructuring of entire system
Change we can believe in!
—Barack Obama
Where do we stand today?
- For software
- Free Software in phase 3: disseminating and expanding
- Pretty obvious
- Note: earlier phases were hard to recognize
- For society
- Peer production in phase 1: emerging of the new
- ...or rather in phase 2: crisis of the old
- As early Free Software it may be hard to believe in its potential
Don't hold you breath - but stay tuned
Capitalism as a germ form phenomenon
You may ask: Are there prior examples?
Yes!
Emerging of the new happened long ago
Earliest forms appeared during the Roman Empire
Crisis of the old when feudal principles exhausted
For instance: Religious schism in the Christian church
For instance: European Enlightenment and new forms of science transcended feudal principles
Disseminating and expanding started with textile industry
Capitalism achieved dominance in late 19th century
Restructuring society is still not complete globally
Note: Society changed after the productive fundament allowed it
- Technical revolution was a precondition for a change of the mode of production
A new mode of production starting as a germ form can take over
Yes, we will: A peek into the future
The Utopia
How will society look like after restructuring?
However: predictability is very limited
But on an abstract level things can be said
- Selbstentfaltung (aka freedom) is...
- ...no longer a contradiction to society
- ...it is rather its fundament
- More automation reduces unwanted activities
- All goods are freely available
- Overcoming labor society
- No commodities, no labor
- No exchange, no money
- No alienation
The dawn of a free society
Free information goods
- The idea of Free Software spreads out already
- As seen already
- Creative Commons licenses are an important step
- But remember: digital technology is the foundation
- I.e.: New technology may be necessary for further dissemination
The basis is there already
Free material goods - the practical approach
- Free design communities
- Free car design
- Appropedia
- ...
- Make production cheaper
- User contribution become more important
- Some corporations start to include user contributions
- Gives them an advantage in competition
- See: Eric v. Hippel
- One of the key questions: Access to expensive means of production
First steps starting from solid ground
Free material goods - the theoretical approach
- Historical example: Capitalism and agricultural production
- Agricultural production...
- ...was key in feudalism
- ...still exists
- ...became an appendage of industrial production
- Proves: The focus of society moved
- Next: Material production becomes an appendage of information
production
- Information already is an important precondition for material production
Restructuring will remove material production from focus
Wrap up
Summary
- Peer economy establishes a new mode of production
- Germ form theory shows how this can develop
- We are witnessing the dawn of a new era
Thank you
- Thank you for your attention
- More on this: http://www.oekonux.org/
- Contact: smerten@oekonux.de
- 4th Oekonux Conference
- Free Software and Beyond - The World of Peer Production
- 2009-03-27..29, Manchester (UK)
- http://www.oekonux-conference.org/
- Questions? Comments?